What Is Teeth Whitening? What Are Its Types?

Teeth whitening is one of the cosmetic dentistry treatments used to enhance the appearance of a person’s teeth. Due to various factors, teeth can lose their white color, either partially or entirely, leading to discoloration. This procedure can be performed professionally by dentists or with at-home whitening methods. Although considered safe, this cosmetic procedure may carry risks due to the corrosive effects of the chemicals used. Additionally, since the results can vary from person to person, it may not be suitable for everyone.

What Is Teeth Whitening?

Teeth whitening restores the whiteness of teeth that has faded over time. The level of whitening depends on the structure of the tooth and the chemicals applied. Teeth whitening is an elective procedure, performed at the individual’s request. Commonly used whitening agents, whether professional or over-the-counter, include chemicals like hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. The concentration of these chemicals varies across products. These bleaching agents penetrate the enamel layer, reaching the softer dentin beneath, and help lighten darker shades.

Why Do Teeth Lose Their Whiteness?

Dark stains can form on tooth enamel for various reasons. These stains may develop within the enamel (intrinsic stains) or on the outer surface of the enamel (extrinsic stains). Intrinsic staining can sometimes occur during childhood before the teeth emerge from the gums. Additionally, such stains can be caused by antibiotic use, high fluoride exposure, or the thinning of enamel due to aging. Extrinsic stains are on the exterior of the teeth and result from environmental exposure. Teeth can lose their whiteness externally due to various factors, including the consumption of certain foods and drinks (like coffee and tea), tobacco use, aging, and the use of certain medications like antihistamines and chemotherapy drugs.

What Are the Types of Teeth Whitening?

Although dentists offer professional solutions for teeth whitening, some people may prefer to whiten minor stains on their own. Whitening results are typically fully visible around two weeks after treatment.

Whitening Products

Whitening products are available as whitening toothpaste and mouthwash. These products may contain carbamide or hydrogen peroxide, though in lower concentrations than professional whitening treatments. To minimize potential damage to teeth, fluoride is often added to these products.

At-Home Teeth Whitening Kits

At-home whitening kits come in gel or paste forms. They contain lower concentrations of chemicals than professional products, requiring more frequent application to achieve whitening. However, these products do not offer the same lasting effects as treatments performed by a dentist.

Professional Teeth Whitening

Professional teeth whitening uses high concentrations of carbamide and hydrogen peroxide, applied by a dentist for quick and long-lasting results. Depending on the level of staining, multiple sessions may be necessary. Professional whitening involves rinsing the teeth with a strong hydrogen peroxide solution for 20 to 30 minutes. In some cases, a laser may be applied to the chemical agent to enhance the longevity of the results.

Is Teeth Whitening Safe?

When done correctly, teeth whitening is considered safe. It is a safe procedure when performed by a professional dentist and following their recommendations. The most common post-treatment effect is sensitivity. Whitening sensitivity typically lasts no longer than one or two days, although it can sometimes extend up to a month. The most commonly reported risks with teeth whitening are increased tooth sensitivity and mild gum irritation. The intensity of these side effects depends directly on the concentration of the peroxide bleaching agent, the duration of the treatment, and the composition of the product used. Tooth sensitivity generally occurs during treatment and can last for a few days; gum irritation usually begins within a day after treatment and may persist for several days.

What Are the Side Effects of Teeth Whitening?

The most common side effect of teeth whitening procedures is temporary tooth sensitivity. Hydrogen peroxide, commonly used in whitening products, is a primary cause of this sensitivity. During the whitening process, gums should be protected to minimize side effects, but sensitivity may still occur, often felt as a tingling sensation when consuming hot or cold items. Excessive or prolonged use of certain abrasives can damage the enamel. Side effects generally subside within 48 hours after treatment. However, if symptoms persist or worsen, it’s advisable to contact a dentist.

Are Natural Teeth Whitening Methods Harmful?

The safety of natural teeth whitening methods is not well-established. Some natural whitening products may cause significant gum irritation and gradually weaken or erode enamel. When this protective layer wears down, teeth become more vulnerable to cavities and more prone to future staining. Many homemade whitening agents can only lighten teeth by one or two shades, but improper application can increase staining and lead to serious oral issues.

How Long Does the Effect of Teeth Whitening Last?

The effects of whitening are temporary, lasting anywhere from a few months to up to three years. If someone chooses to have their teeth whitened professionally in a dental office, results can last up to a year or even longer with proper care. Regular consumption of dark-colored products like coffee, tea, or tobacco can cause teeth to yellow more quickly. This also applies to colorful or acidic foods like fruits and tomato sauce. Daily brushing and maintenance are essential, and following a dentist’s advice is key for the longest-lasting results.

Can Everyone Undergo Teeth Whitening?

Teeth whitening is suitable for most adults, but certain conditions may limit its safety. Specifically, pregnancy and breastfeeding require avoiding the chemicals used in whitening. Additionally, people with sensitive teeth, gum issues, or cracked teeth are not ideal candidates. Whitening also cannot lighten fillings or crowns. A dentist should assess whether someone is a suitable candidate for whitening and take precautions if needed.

Is the Effect of Teeth Whitening the Same for Everyone?

The results of teeth whitening depend on an individual’s tooth characteristics. During professional whitening, the amount of chemicals used and the number of sessions can be adjusted to achieve the whitest possible shade for each tooth, aiming to prevent harm to teeth and overall health. A person's lifestyle can also influence how long the whitening effect lasts. However, achieving maximum effect may not be possible with at-home treatments. Dentists can provide a personalized plan to achieve optimal whiteness. In rare cases, the whitening agents may not penetrate the teeth, resulting in limited or no effect.

For individuals who are unhappy with the color of their teeth, consulting with a dentist to determine eligibility for whitening is essential. Otherwise, unwanted side effects may occur.