What is Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Lichen planus is a type of chronic skin disease that typically appears on the skin and sometimes on mucous membranes, such as in the mouth and genital areas. It often presents as itchy, red, or purple lesions and is most common in individuals aged 30-60, although it can occur at any age. Lichen planus is not a contagious disease; however, some studies suggest that infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis C, may contribute to its development. This article will explore frequently asked questions about lichen planus, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Lichen planus accounts for about 1% of dermatological health issues and is an inflammatory skin condition that can affect people of all ages and genders. The disease typically appears as violet-colored lesions on the wrists, back, arms, legs, and inside the mouth, often accompanied by itching.

Symptoms of Lichen Planus

Red or purple lesions on the skin, inside the mouth, or in the genital area are primary symptoms of lichen planus. However, symptoms can vary from person to person. Key symptoms of lichen planus include:

Small, smooth, shiny, purple or pink bumps, 3-5 mm in size, on the skin and genital areas
Lesions that usually begin in a small area of the body and spread to other areas over time
Often symmetrically arranged lesions
Itchy bumps that commonly appear on areas such as the wrists, lower back, and ankles
White lesions inside the mouth, which are often painful
In some cases, lesions may rupture and crust over

Additionally, web-like white lines over the lesions are among the main symptoms of lichen planus.

What Causes Lichen Planus?

Lichen planus is a skin disease that occurs as a result of the immune system mistakenly attacking the skin or mucous membranes. However, scientists state that lichen planus is not classified as an autoimmune disease. While the exact cause of lichen planus is unknown, it is believed that genetic predisposition plays a role in its development. About 1-2% of patients may have a family history of lichen planus. The primary causes of lichen planus are as follows:

Genetic factors: Genetic predisposition is one of the significant factors in the development of lichen planus. Research has shown that certain immune system cells inherited genetically may contribute to the onset of lichen planus.
Viral infections: A study conducted in 2021 identified Hepatitis C as one of the major causes of lichen planus. It was found that the incidence of Hepatitis C infection in people with lichen planus is approximately five times higher than in the general population.
Allergic reactions: Some studies suggest that metals used in dental treatments, such as gold, copper, and fillings, may contribute to the appearance of lichen planus lesions inside the mouth.
Certain medications: The use of diuretics, which are commonly prescribed to treat high blood pressure, may lead to lichen planus.

How is Lichen Planus Diagnosed?

To diagnose lichen planus, a dermatology specialist first evaluates the patient's medical history and symptoms. Then, they perform a physical examination to inspect the lesions. If necessary, further tests may be conducted. The main diagnostic methods used include:

Biopsy: Many patients with lichen planus worry about the potential of the disease turning into skin cancer. While there is no link between lichen planus and cancer, doctors may perform a biopsy, taking a sample from the lesion to rule out cancer.
Allergy testing: Since lichen planus can be triggered by allergens, doctors may use allergy tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Infection screening tests: Since infections may contribute to lichen planus, doctors may use blood tests to check for viruses like Hepatitis C.

Treatment Methods for Lichen Planus

Currently, there is no definitive treatment for lichen planus, and in most cases, symptoms improve on their own within a few months or years. However, in some cases, symptoms such as itching and discomfort can be alleviated through various treatments. These methods may include:

Antihistamines to help alleviate itching
Creams to reduce redness and swelling of lesions
Immunosuppressive medications prescribed by a doctor
Retinoids, medications that help the body produce more collagen and blood vessels, as prescribed by a doctor

In addition to these treatments, phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet (UV) rays, is commonly used to treat lichen planus. In phototherapy, UV rays are applied to the lesions two or three times a week for several weeks. This treatment should be performed by a specialist. Alongside professional treatments, certain home remedies can help relieve symptoms. Some suggestions for managing lichen planus at home include:

Taking lukewarm showers to relieve symptoms
Applying a soft, moist cloth to the lesions to reduce itching
Avoiding scratching the lesions, as it can worsen symptoms
Managing stress, as stress can negatively affect lichen planus symptoms. Engaging in relaxing activities may be beneficial
Regular dental check-ups may help detect lichen planus early during routine mouth examinations, and good oral hygiene can prevent its development

Additionally, certain foods, drinks, and medications can cause allergic reactions, so avoiding environmental factors that trigger lichen planus can also help relieve symptoms.

How Should a Person with Lichen Planus Eat?

Changes in dietary habits can help manage symptoms in people with lichen planus. Lichen planus is a skin condition that occurs when immune system cells attack the skin and mucous membranes for various reasons. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals with lichen planus focus on consuming vegetables and fruits that can help strengthen the immune system. Additionally, drinking water regularly can help alleviate symptoms like mouth pain and also facilitate the elimination of toxins from the body. In addition to these, it is important for people with lichen planus to consume foods rich in anti-inflammatory compounds and antioxidants, as they can help strengthen the immune system and reduce symptoms.

What Should a Person with Lichen Planus Avoid Eating?

One of the causes of lichen planus is allergic reactions to certain foods. Therefore, it is important for patients to be aware of foods that may trigger their symptoms. Doctors may conduct allergy tests to identify potential allergens that could cause or exacerbate lichen planus. Additionally, foods such as hot peppers, tomato paste, tomatoes, and citrus fruits may trigger flare-ups of lichen planus symptoms, so patients are advised to avoid these types of foods.

Although lichen planus is often a self-healing skin condition, lesions in the mouth and genital areas can be painful and uncomfortable. If you notice smooth, red-purple lesions, it is important to schedule an appointment with a specialist and undergo the necessary checks without delay.

Last Updated Date: 09 August 2023

Publication Date: 09 August 2023

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